The role of nuclear medicine in the management of Graves' disease.

131I therapy is safe and effective for most Graves' disease patients. It is being used more frequently in previously restricted populations such as children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age. It affords prompt, consistent relief of hyperthyroidism, but permanent hypothyroidism ensues in almost all patients. This complication is readily diagnosed with modern in vitro assays and inexpensive, life-long replacement therapy renders the patient asymptomatic and able to resume a normal lifestyle. Recent changes in NRC requirements have further liberalized the use of 131I for Graves' disease in the USA, permitting more patients to be treated with effective outpatient therapy. The controversial role of 131I in exacerbation of GO has been further clarified and preventive measures are available.