Drug testing in the work place: a primer for employers.

Substance abuse has been linked to numerous problems in the work place, including increased absenteeism and tardiness, increased accident rates and insurance costs, and lowered productivity. One recent study has estimated that the economic costs alone may exceed $100 billion. While employer response in dealing with substance abuse has included a broad range of approaches, including pre-employment inquiries, employee testing, searches of employees and their property, employee assistance programs, and specific personnel policies, drug testing has received the most attention. The following article is devoted to both the practical and legal factors to be considered in implementing a drug testing program.