Alcohol and pregnancy: a clinical perspective for laboratory research.

Based on clinical experience, review of the literature and clinical research results, four areas, in which laboratory investigations might contribute significantly to better understanding of the effects of alcohol on pregnancy outcome, are suggested for consideration--1) mechanisms, 2) timing, pattern and source of fetal alcohol exposure, 3) dose/response and threshold, and 4) susceptibility. By focusing on issues of current clinical impact, the laboratory scientist may contribute to improved pregnancy outcome in humans.