Engineering organic-organic and organic-inorganic nanohybrids for Drug Delivery

Hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) are emerging as cutting-edge materials in nanomedicine, offering unique opportunities for drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutics. By harnessing interactions between organic or inorganic components, these systems achieve precise control over size, surface, and functional properties. The synergy between different building blocks enables enhanced biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and stimuli-responsive functions that are challenging to achieve with single-component systems. This review highlights the state of the art in organic–organic and organic–inorganic nanohybrids, focusing on recent advances for drug delivery applications. Examples include organic-organic hybrids combining lipids, polymers, and biological constituents, e.g., extracellular vesicle- or cell membranes-derived components, as well as inorganic NPs hybridized with polymers, peptides, or lipids. We further discuss current challenges and future perspectives in the field, including hybrids that are responsive to internal or external triggers, which hold significant promise for advancing personalized medicine and translating nanomedicine innovations into the clinic.