Smart power distribution systems: A holistic review of core pillars

Smart Power Distribution Systems (SPDS) represent a transformative shift in the design and operation of modern distribution power networks, enabling enhanced intelligence, flexibility, and resilience. These systems integrate a wide array of technologies and components that must function in a coordinated manner to meet the growing demands for sustainability, reliability, and efficiency. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of five foundational pillars that define the structure and functionality of SPDS: distributed energy resources (DERs), transportation electrification, microgrids, energy management systems (EMS), and cyber-physical security. Each pillar is examined through a qualitative lens, identifying the latest technological advancements, persistent challenges, and emerging research trends. In addition to exploring each domain individually, the review emphasizes the critical interdependencies and synergies among them, which are often overlooked in existing literature. These interconnections play a pivotal role in shaping SPDS performance, interoperability, and overall grid intelligence. The paper synthesizes these insights to highlight the key enablers as well as the barriers hindering widespread SPDS deployment. Furthermore, the paper offers forward-looking perspectives and research directions necessary to address technical, regulatory, and operational gaps, paving the way for next-generation SPDS capable of supporting the global energy transition. Finally, the review aligns closely with multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDGs 7, 9, 11, and 13, underscoring the vital role of SPDS in supporting the global transition toward clean, inclusive, and low-carbon energy systems.