Molecular Imaging of Diabetes-Associated Glutathione S-Transferase Dysregulation Using a Smart Activatable Probe

We developed a dual-modal GSTP probe that exhibits GST-responsive fluorescence enhancement and photoacoustic signal reduction. GSTP demonstrated excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and biocompatibility. In diabetic mice, GSTP revealed a decreased level of hepatic GST activity partially restored by metformin treatment, supported by serum analysis and histopathological evaluation, highlighting its clinical translation potential for diabetes monitoring.