Rheumatoid arthritis: emerging insights into molecular mechanisms and targeted immunotherapy.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease that characterised by persistent synovial joints inflammation, which ultimately results in progressive joint destruction and significant disability. Ineffective drug treatment for severe arthritis can lead to significant physical disability and a marked decline in quality of life. Recent research has significantly advanced our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of RA, which leads to the emergence of novel immunotherapeutic strategies that provide patients with a broader range of treatment options. This review aims to synthesise the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of RA, related signalling pathways, and the latest immunotherapy approaches, including biologic agents, targeted small molecules, and novel therapies.Furthermore, we will discuss the efficacy and safety profiles of these therapies, analyse pressing issues in contemporary research, and explore future directions in the field.