Psychological interventions for loneliness: a narrative review of recent findings and suggestions for future research

Loneliness is a widespread phenomenon with adverse effects on health. Among others, psychological interventions have emerged as promising approaches to alleviate loneliness. This narrative review critically synthesizes recent evidence on the efficacy and mechanisms of psychological interventions for loneliness, structured along Grawe’s stage model of intervention research. While psychological interventions generally show moderate to large effects, substantial heterogeneity, limited evidence on long-term outcomes, and underrepresentation of diverse populations remain challenges. Furthermore, progress in the field is hindered by inconsistent definitions, suboptimal reporting, limited process research, and further methodological challenges. Several key research priorities are proposed for the development, evaluation, and implementation of more effective and sustainable psychological interventions for loneliness.