Quasi/All Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium–Carbon Dioxide Batteries

The lithium–carbon dioxide (Li–CO₂) battery is an important solution for addressing carbon dioxide emissions and is regarded as a promising power source for Mars exploration. In the semi-open system of Li–CO₂ batteries, traditional liquid electrolytes face issues such as leakage and volatilization. Over the past decade, this technology has undergone rapid development in terms of quasi/all solid-state electrolyte technology and cathode design. Here, three basic types of quasi/all solid-state electrolytes are introduced, and an in-depth summary of the latest progress is provided. Future research and development trends for solid-state Li–CO₂ batteries are also proposed. This study aims to provide references for the development of solid-state Li–CO₂ batteries and other metal-gas batteries.