Current update on pharmacological strategies of penile cancer.

Introduction: Penile cancer considered an orphan malignancy - due to its low incidence - makes research and clinical development challenging. The limited understanding of molecular biology and genetic landscape adds to the complexity of developing effective therapies.

Areas covered: This review takes a closer look at how penile cancer treatment has evolved - from traditional modes like surgery and radiation to now vaccines - over the period of time. Breakthroughs in immunotherapy offer a ray of hope alongside treatments like adoptive T-cell therapies (ATCT), anti-angiogenic agents, Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), and Bispecific Antibodies (BsAbs).

Expert opinion: The integration of immunotherapy and targeted therapy has demonstrated promising results, particularly in patients with advanced or metastatic disease. While these advancements bring hope, more research is needed to refine treatment strategies to benefit patients from these novel approaches.