Nanoparticle Aggregation Effects on MHD Nanofluid Flow Over a Permeable Sheet with Stretching/Shrinking and Thermal Radiation

This research aimed to analyze the effects of both without aggregation and with aggregation of nanoparticles (i.e., titania-ethylene glycol $(\phi \in [06\%])$) on the velocity and temperature profiles over a permeable MHD stretching/shrinking $(\lambda \in [-0.60.6])$ sheet with permeability parameter $(S\in [00.8])$ and thermal radiation $(Rd\in [00.4])$. For the purpose of studying nanoparticle aggregation, the improved Maxwell-Bruggeman and Krieger-Dougarty models are applied. By applying the similarity transformation, the simple partial differential equations that arise from mathematical modeling are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The calculated nonlinear equation is then numerically solved using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg 4th-5th (RKF45) order method with shooting technique and analytically via the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). For validation, the outcomes of this inquiry are linked with those outcomes that are available in the literature. In addition, the acquired analytical ADM data are compared to numerical RKF45, homotopy analysis method (HAM)-package values, and those given in the literature. It is found that the skin friction coefficient is also lower in the presence of aggregation effects than in the absence of such effects. Furthermore, when the sheet is shrinking, the heat transport (HT) coefficient decreases and increases, respectively, with stretching. The aggregation of nanoparticles reduces the HT coefficient.