Advances in imaging techniques for real-time microbial visualization in wastewater treatment reactors: Challenges, applications, and process optimization

The dynamics of microbial communities in wastewater treatment reactors are crucial for enhancing treatment efficiency and promoting sustainability. This study highlights microorganisms' significant role in pollutant biodegradation, underpinning operational success in wastewater management. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, including super-resolution microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nanoscale imaging, have revolutionized the visualization of microbial cells and biofilms, facilitating real-time monitoring of microbial interactions. These methods offer valuable insights into microbial community dynamics and their adaptive responses to environmental changes. This review evaluates the application of these advanced imaging techniques in wastewater treatment research, pinpointing gaps in real-time microbial monitoring and suggesting strategies for their integration into operational systems. Additionally, it discusses the practical challenges of deploying these technologies in real-world scenarios and outlines future research directions. By leveraging innovative imaging approaches, researchers can develop sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment solutions to address critical environmental challenges.