Sleep interventions in elite sport - a systematic review.

Background: Elite athletes encounter various situations and conditions that may disrupt their sleep, a crucial factor for optimal performance and well-being.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to synthesise existing research on the effect of sleep interventions on sleep quantity and quality in elite sports and to provide evidence-based guidance for athletes, coaches, and other stakeholders in elite sports who seek to enhance sleep quantity and quality.

Methods: This review followed the PRISMA guidelines, whereas the search was executed in September 2023 utilising the electronic databases SCOPUS, PubMed and Web of Science. Studies were included if they met the inclusion criteria.

Results: A total of 1014 studies were retrieved from the databases, and data extraction was performed on 32 studies. The included studies evaluated sleep hygiene education/strategies, acute cold exposure, light therapies, supplementation, neurostimulation/neurofeedback, and other (mindfulness and massage therapy) strategies. Sleep hygiene education was the most effective intervention to improve sleep quantity. Supplementation and light therapy interventions showed improved sleep quality and quantity. Additionally, cold water immersion and mindfulness showed improved sleep quality, but further studies are required for confirmation.

Conclusion: Future research should use reliable and valid methods to improve the quality of evidence and ensure conclusive findings.