Developing the Reversed TOD index for unstructured TOD: The case study of Bangkok metro

The Bangkok metro system has yet to be improved by TOD mainly due to limited analysis of the effects of TOD influencing factors and measuring tools. This research examined specific criteria and indicators that represent TOD barriers. The Reversed TOD Index was developed for 24 stations on Bangkok metro lines to enable TOD practitioners to quantitatively measure the existing levels of unusual TOD characteristics. This is an effective measurement to explain the actual fabric of TOD barriers affecting station performance which previous TOD measurements are unable to provide. The TOD typologies of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) and opinions of all stakeholder groups were also integrated. The results show uncompromising interactions between TOD barriers and designated typologies. The Reversed Index shows that 40.6–55.7% of TOD barriers are impeding the TOD-ness at each station. Land price is the most concealed indicator for sensitivity analysis. However, the existing TOD barriers in urban areas can be improved against existing urban sprawl. This case study results in extensive transferability and comparisons between developing cities where similar TOD barriers are present.