A Progress Report in Advancements of Heterocyclic Compounds as Novel Antimalarial Agents over the Last 5 Years

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, remains a significant global health challenge, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where the disease is endemic. The complex Plasmodium lifecycle, involving stages in both the liver and bloodstream, leads to symptoms such as high fever, anemia, and, in severe cases, life-threatening complications, particularly P. falciparum infections. While historical treatments such as quinine and modern therapies such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been effective, the growing issue of drug and insecticide resistance undermines these efforts. This resistance has spurred the need for new antimalarial drugs and strategies. Among the promising areas of research are heterocyclic compounds, which, due to their diverse and versatile chemical structures, are being investigated for their ability to disrupt the Plasmodium lifecycle. These compounds have potential as novel therapeutic agents that could enhance current treatment options. Understanding the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and advancing these therapeutic innovations are crucial for maintaining effective malaria control and treatment, highlighting the importance of on-going research in this field.