Adaptation and development plans of the Egyptian ports under the impacts of climate change

Global trade relies heavily on ports, and these critical hubs face growing threats from climate change. While research in this area is limited, particularly in Egypt, it is crucial to assess the vulnerability of Egyptian ports to climate change impacts such as sea level rise (SLR). Climate change impacts on ports could have severe economic and trade repercussions. Prioritizing the resilience of Egyptian ports to climate hazards is essential for their long-term sustainability and continued role in the nation's economic strategy. This study evaluates the impacts of SLR on the operationality of Alexandria and Damietta ports along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Delft3D FM hydrodynamic model was used and coupled with SWAN model to account for wave-current interaction and to numerically address the potential operational loss. Port development and adaptation plans were considered, and a comparison between the pre-and post-development adaptation was carried out. Minimum berth elevations and projected shutdowns were estimated considering development/adaptation plans under different climatic scenarios. The results indicated a minor influence on the operational conditions of both ports, due to the promising port adaptation and development plans that would enhance their resilience. The study supports strategic decision-makers and stakeholders for the planning of future port developments at both the infrastructure and design levels of port operations.