A review of life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis of perovskite/Si tandem solar cells

Perovskite/silicon (Si) tandem solar cells (TSCs) have emerged as a promising candidate among PV technologies due to their capability to greatly increase power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit of single-junction solar cells. Nevertheless, obstacles to the durability of perovskite materials and the environmental consequences of their life cycle present notable barriers to their widespread commercial deployment. The objective of this article is to deliver a review of life cycle assessment (LCA) and sustainability analysis of perovskite/Si TSCs: first, focusing on their working principle, configuration, components and recent progress and then presenting an overview of the LCA and sustainability study performed on perovskite/Si TSCs. Finally, this review highlights important directions for future LCA and sustainability studies required for the successful development of this remarkable perovskite/Si TSC PV technology.