Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions from croplands and unmanaged natural ecosystems across a large environmental gradient.

Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas, with long atmospheric residence time and a global warming potential 273 times higher than CO₂. N₂O emissions are mainly produced from soils and are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors that can be substantially altered by anthropogenic activities, such as land uses, especially when unmanaged natural ecosystems are replaced by croplands or other uses. In this study, we evaluated the spatial variability of N₂O emissions from croplands (maize, soybean, wheat, and sugar cane crops), paired with the natural grasslands or forests that they replaced across a wide environmental gradient in Argentina, and identified the key drivers governing the spatial variability of N₂O emissions using structural equation modeling. We conducted on-farm field measurements over 2 years at nine different sites, including a wide environmental gradient (mean rainfall from 679 to 1090 mm year^-1 and mean temperatures from 13.8°C to 21.3°C), with diverse plant species life forms, and ecosystems, from the Semiarid Chaco forests in the Northwest of Argentina to the Pampas grasslands in the Southeast. On average, agricultural systems emitted more than twice N₂O (+120%), had higher soil water content (+9%), higher soil temperatures (+3%), higher soil nitrate content (+19%) but lower ammonium (-33%) than natural ecosystems. We found that land use was the main driver of N₂O emissions by directly affecting soil NO₃ ^- contents in both natural ecosystems and croplands. Urgent management practices aimed at reducing N₂O emissions from croplands are needed to mitigate their contributions to global climate change.