地衣菌的系统发育、进化和再分类。

IF 14.1 1区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Studies in Mycology Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-21 DOI:10.3114/sim.2024.109.09

M Prieto, M Wedin, M Schultz

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A revised classification is proposed here and an overview of genera accepted in the Lichinomycetes is given. Ancestral Lichinomycetes are reconstructed as crustose with pycnoascocarps and octosporous asci. We used a combination of characters to delineate groups including the ascoma development and the type of asci. The revised classification includes 11 new genera, five resurrected genera, and 54 new combinations distributed in four families (three emended and one new). Three new species are also described. Taxonomic novelties: New family: Lichinellaceae M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New genera: Allopyrenis M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lingolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paracyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New species: Paracyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon persimile M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New combinations: Allopyrenis grumulifera (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis haemaleella (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis impolita (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis phaeococca (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis reducta (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis sanguinea (Anzi) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis tenuis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis densisidiata (Aptroot et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis foederata (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis guyanensis (M. Schultz et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis palmana (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis polycocca (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia canariensis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia concordatula (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia octosporella (Lettau) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus lugubris (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lemmopsis lutophila (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lempholemma segregatum (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lichinella baicalensis (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lichinella etoshica (Brusse) M. Schultz, Lichinella lusitanica (Henssen) M. Schultz, Lichinella pulvinata (E. Dahl) M. Schultz, Lichinella schleicheri (Hepp) M. Schultz, Lichinella terrestris (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lingolemma lingulatum (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma syreniarum (C.J. Lewis & M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma socotranum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum aotearoa (Henssen & B. Bartlett) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum cylindrophorum (Vain.) M. Schultz, Phylliscum laatokkaense (Vain.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum neglectum (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum permiscens (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum rhodostictum (Taylor) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus antarcticus (Cromb.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus macrosporus (Henssen et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus minutissimus (Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus rosulans (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus tasmanicus (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus willeyi (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia vermiculata (Nyl.) Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma polycarpum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina botryosa (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina cladodes (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina condensata (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina degeliana (P.M. Jørg.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina dispansa (H. Magn.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina intricatissima (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina isidiodes (Nyl. ex Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina vesiculifera (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya arnoldii (Frauenf.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya lacustris (P.M. Jørg. & R. Sant.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya neglecta (Erichsen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya obtenebrans (Nyl.) M. Schultz, Thyrea osorioi (Henssen) M. Schultz. New status and combination: Gonotichia depauperata (Servít) M. Schultz & M. Prieto. Emended description: Lempholemma Körb., Lichina C. Agardh, Thelignya A. Massal., Lichinaceae Nyl., Phylliscaceae Th. Fr., Porocyphaceae Körb. Resurrection: Cladopsis Nyl., Collemopsis Nyl. ex Crombie, Forssellia Zahlbr., Pleopyrenis Clem., Synalissina Nyl. Citation: Prieto M, Wedin M, Schultz M (2024). Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes. 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The revised classification includes 11 new genera, five resurrected genera, and 54 new combinations distributed in four families (three emended and one new). Three new species are also described. Taxonomic novelties: New family: Lichinellaceae M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New genera: Allopyrenis M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lingolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paracyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New species: Paracyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon persimile M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New combinations: Allopyrenis grumulifera (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis haemaleella (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis impolita (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis phaeococca (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis reducta (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis sanguinea (Anzi) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis tenuis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis densisidiata (Aptroot et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis foederata (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis guyanensis (M. Schultz et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis palmana (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis polycocca (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia canariensis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia concordatula (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia octosporella (Lettau) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus lugubris (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lemmopsis lutophila (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lempholemma segregatum (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lichinella baicalensis (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lichinella etoshica (Brusse) M. Schultz, Lichinella lusitanica (Henssen) M. Schultz, Lichinella pulvinata (E. Dahl) M. Schultz, Lichinella schleicheri (Hepp) M. Schultz, Lichinella terrestris (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lingolemma lingulatum (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma syreniarum (C.J. Lewis & M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma socotranum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum aotearoa (Henssen & B. Bartlett) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum cylindrophorum (Vain.) M. Schultz, Phylliscum laatokkaense (Vain.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum neglectum (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum permiscens (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum rhodostictum (Taylor) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus antarcticus (Cromb.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus macrosporus (Henssen et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus minutissimus (Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus rosulans (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus tasmanicus (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus willeyi (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia vermiculata (Nyl.) Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma polycarpum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina botryosa (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina cladodes (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina condensata (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina degeliana (P.M. Jørg.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina dispansa (H. Magn.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina intricatissima (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina isidiodes (Nyl. ex Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina vesiculifera (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya arnoldii (Frauenf.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya lacustris (P.M. Jørg. & R. Sant.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya neglecta (Erichsen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya obtenebrans (Nyl.) M. Schultz, Thyrea osorioi (Henssen) M. Schultz. New status and combination: Gonotichia depauperata (Servít) M. Schultz & M. Prieto. Emended description: Lempholemma Körb., Lichina C. Agardh, Thelignya A. Massal., Lichinaceae Nyl., Phylliscaceae Th. Fr., Porocyphaceae Körb. Resurrection: Cladopsis Nyl., Collemopsis Nyl. ex Crombie, Forssellia Zahlbr., Pleopyrenis Clem., Synalissina Nyl. Citation: Prieto M, Wedin M, Schultz M (2024). Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

地衣菌是子囊菌门中独立的地衣系，包括约390种50属。很少有研究使用分子数据进行科属分类，许多类群需要彻底修订。因此，我们构建了一个包含126种190份地衣菌标本的多位点系统发育（mtSSU、RPB2和mcm7基因区域）。对所选性状进行祖先状态重建分析，追踪其进化过程。目前基于形态和解剖特征的地衣菌分类方案与本研究得出的系统发育关系存在很大冲突。结果表明，在科和属水平上存在大量的非单系性。本文提出了一种新的分类方法，并对地衣菌属进行了综述。古老的地衣菌被重建为壳壳菌，具有皮囊菌和八孢子囊菌。我们使用一系列的特征来划分类群，包括癌肿的发展和癌肿的类型。修订后的分类包括11个新属，5个复活属和54个新组合，分布在4个科（3个修订和1个新）。还发现了三个新种。分类学上的新发现：新科：地衣科。新属：Allopyrenis M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lingolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paracyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto。新种：golandicus Paracyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon perspem . Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus golandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto。新组合：异丙芘（Allopyrenis grumulifera）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, haemaleella Allopyrenis （Nyl）M.舒尔茨和M.普列托，《异种pypyrenis impolita》（第6卷）。M. Schultz & M. Prieto，异丙链球菌（塔克）M. Schultz & M. Prieto。M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis sanguinea (Anzi) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis tenuis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis densidiata （Aptroot等人）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis foederata （Nyl.）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis guyanensis （M. Schultz等人）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis palmana (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis polycocca （Nyl.）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia canariensis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia concordatula （Nyl）M.舒尔茨和M.普列托，淋球菌（莱托）M.舒尔茨和M.普列托，Lapismalleus lugubris （A. Massal）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lempholemma separgreatum （Nyl.）M. Schultz & M. Prieto，黄芩地衣（Makryi） M. Schultz，地衣霉（Brusse） M. Schultz，卢西塔尼亚地衣霉（Henssen） M. Schultz， pulvinata地衣霉（E. Dahl） M. Schultz，施莱希地衣霉（Hepp） M. Schultz，地衣霉（Makryi） M. Schultz, Lingolemma lingulatum （Tuck）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma syrenarum (C.J. Lewis & M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma socotranum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, phyllisum aotearoa (Henssen & B. Bartlett) M. Schultz & M. Prieto， phyllisum圆柱状瘤（Vain）M.舒尔茨，Phylliscum laatokkaense（徒劳的）M.舒尔茨和M.普列托，Phylliscum疏忽（亨森）M.舒尔茨和M.普列托，Phylliscum许可（奈尔）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum rhodostictum (Taylor) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus antarcticus （Cromb）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus macrosporus （Henssen等人）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus minutissimus (Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus rosulans (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus tasmanicus (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus willeyi （Tuck.）M. Schultz & M. Prieto，《伪鱼》（纽约）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma polycarpum (M. Schultz), Synalissina botryosa （A. Massal）。M.舒尔茨和M.普列托，《进化的同一性》（塔克出版社）M. Schultz & M. Prieto， Synalissina冷凝（阿诺德）M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina degeliana（下午Jørg）M.舒尔茨和M.普列托，Synalissina disansa （H. Magn.）M. Schultz & M. Prieto， Synalissina错综复杂（J. Steiner） M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina isidiodes (Nyl。M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina vesiculifera (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya arnoldii （Frauenf）[M. Schultz & M. Prieto]。（桑特）M.舒尔茨& M.普列托，Thelignya忽略（埃里克森）M.舒尔茨& M.普列托，Thelignya obtenebrans（尼克尔）M.舒尔茨，Thyrea osorioi（亨森）M.舒尔茨。新状态和组合：淋头菌（Servít）。修订描述：Lempholemma Körb。

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Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes.

The Lichinomycetes is an independent lichenized lineage within the Ascomycota comprising ca. 390 species and 50 genera. Very few studies have dealt with family and genus classification using molecular data and many groups are in need of thorough revision. Thus, we constructed a multilocus phylogeny (mtSSU, RPB2 and mcm7 gene regions) including 190 specimens of Lichinomycetes belonging to 126 species. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses were carried out to trace the evolution of selected characters. The current classification scheme of the Lichinomycetes based on morphological and anatomical characters is in great conflict with the phylogenetic relationships resulting from the present study. The results suggest substantial non-monophyly at the family and genus levels. A revised classification is proposed here and an overview of genera accepted in the Lichinomycetes is given. Ancestral Lichinomycetes are reconstructed as crustose with pycnoascocarps and octosporous asci. We used a combination of characters to delineate groups including the ascoma development and the type of asci. The revised classification includes 11 new genera, five resurrected genera, and 54 new combinations distributed in four families (three emended and one new). Three new species are also described. Taxonomic novelties: New family: Lichinellaceae M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New genera: Allopyrenis M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lingolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paracyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New species: Paracyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon persimile M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New combinations: Allopyrenis grumulifera (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis haemaleella (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis impolita (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis phaeococca (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis reducta (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis sanguinea (Anzi) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis tenuis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis densisidiata (Aptroot et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis foederata (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis guyanensis (M. Schultz et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis palmana (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis polycocca (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia canariensis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia concordatula (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia octosporella (Lettau) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus lugubris (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lemmopsis lutophila (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lempholemma segregatum (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lichinella baicalensis (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lichinella etoshica (Brusse) M. Schultz, Lichinella lusitanica (Henssen) M. Schultz, Lichinella pulvinata (E. Dahl) M. Schultz, Lichinella schleicheri (Hepp) M. Schultz, Lichinella terrestris (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lingolemma lingulatum (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma syreniarum (C.J. Lewis & M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma socotranum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum aotearoa (Henssen & B. Bartlett) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum cylindrophorum (Vain.) M. Schultz, Phylliscum laatokkaense (Vain.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum neglectum (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum permiscens (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum rhodostictum (Taylor) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus antarcticus (Cromb.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus macrosporus (Henssen et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus minutissimus (Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus rosulans (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus tasmanicus (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus willeyi (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia vermiculata (Nyl.) Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma polycarpum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina botryosa (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina cladodes (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina condensata (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina degeliana (P.M. Jørg.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina dispansa (H. Magn.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina intricatissima (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina isidiodes (Nyl. ex Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina vesiculifera (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya arnoldii (Frauenf.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya lacustris (P.M. Jørg. & R. Sant.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya neglecta (Erichsen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya obtenebrans (Nyl.) M. Schultz, Thyrea osorioi (Henssen) M. Schultz. New status and combination: Gonotichia depauperata (Servít) M. Schultz & M. Prieto. Emended description: Lempholemma Körb., Lichina C. Agardh, Thelignya A. Massal., Lichinaceae Nyl., Phylliscaceae Th. Fr., Porocyphaceae Körb. Resurrection: Cladopsis Nyl., Collemopsis Nyl. ex Crombie, Forssellia Zahlbr., Pleopyrenis Clem., Synalissina Nyl. Citation: Prieto M, Wedin M, Schultz M (2024). Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes. Studies in Mycology 109: 595-655. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.109.09.

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来源期刊

Studies in Mycology 生物-真菌学

CiteScore

35.60

自引率

3.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： The international journal Studies in Mycology focuses on advancing the understanding of filamentous fungi, yeasts, and various aspects of mycology. It publishes comprehensive systematic monographs as well as topical issues covering a wide range of subjects including biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology, and systematics. This Open-Access journal offers unrestricted access to its content. Each issue of Studies in Mycology consists of around 5 to 6 papers, either in the form of monographs or special focused topics. Unlike traditional length restrictions, the journal encourages submissions of manuscripts with a minimum of 50 A4 pages in print. This ensures a thorough exploration and presentation of the research findings, maximizing the depth of the published work.