Management of Phytophthora and Phytopythium oomycete diseases in durian (Duriozibethinus)

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a valuable fruit crop originating from Borneo and widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Increasing consumer demand, particularly from China, has boosted its trade and value. However, the durian industry faces significant challenges from the devastating pathogens Phytophthora palmivora and Phytopythium vexans, which cause various forms of rot and dieback, leading to economic losses. Current management strategies include cultural practices, synthetic fungicides, biological controls, and integrated management. While cultural practices and synthetic fungicides are commonly used, they have limitations such as health and environmental risks, labor intensity, and inconsistent effectiveness. Alternative approaches, such as gene silencing of Protein Phosphatase 2A to produce disease-resistant plants and the use of plant extracts with antimicrobial properties, show promise and warrant further exploration. This review aims to guide farmers and beginners in exploring alternative methods for managing durian diseases.