摘要
背景/目标：适当的维生素 D 状态可改善骨骼健康和慢性疾病；在 2019 年冠状病毒疾病大流行期间，维生素 D 状态已显示出其益处。因此，评估维生素 D 状态至关重要。然而，对韩国人维生素 D 摄入量的研究有限，使人们对维生素 D 摄入量的了解变得复杂。本研究旨在开发和验证半定量食物频率问卷（FFQ），以评估韩国人的维生素D摄入量：研究开发了维生素 D FFQ，其中包括韩国成年人经常食用的 8 类食物中的 31 种维生素 D 来源食物。研究对象包括居住在韩国某大城市的 152 名女性。从 2020 年 9 月到 2022 年 8 月，在 4 个季节中使用 12 天膳食记录（12 天 DR）对摄入量进行了调查，并进行了两次维生素 D FFQ 调查（FFQ1 和 FFQ2），两次调查相隔约 9-11 个月。利用斯皮尔曼等级相关性、加权卡帕系数、类内相关性和布兰德-阿尔特曼图对再现性（FFQ1 与 FFQ2）和有效性（FFQ2 与 12 天 DR）进行了验证：结果：与 12 天 DR（4.07 微克/天）相比，韩国妇女使用新开发的维生素 D FFQ 进行的 FFQ1（4.90 微克/天）和 FFQ2（4.58 微克/天）维生素 D 摄入量更高。此外，斯皮尔曼等级相关系数（再现性，0.592；有效性，0.460）、加权卡帕系数（再现性，0.379；有效性，0.284）、类内相关系数（再现性，0.599；有效性，0.543）和布兰-阿尔特曼图（再现性指数，3.95%；有效性指数，3.95%）也证明了再现性和有效性的结果：本研究证实，新开发的维生素 D FFQ 在评估韩国妇女的维生素 D 摄入量方面是可靠和有效的。这些结果表明，FFQ 是一种有效的膳食评估工具，特别是在无法进行全年监测的大规模研究中。在韩国男性中进行进一步验证对提高其适用性至关重要，从而为评估韩国成年人的维生素 D 摄入量做出重大贡献。Background/objectives: Appropriate vitamin D status improves bone health and chronic diseases; it has shown benefits during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Therefore, assessing vitamin D status is crucial. However, limited research on vitamin D intake among Koreans complicates understanding of its consumption. This study aimed to develop and validate a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess vitamin D intake among Koreans.
Subjects/methods: A vitamin D FFQ was developed to include 31 vitamin D source foods from 8 food groups frequently consumed by Korean adults. The study included 152 women residing in a major city in South Korea. From September 2020 to August 2022, intake was surveyed using a 12-day dietary record (12-day DR) across 4 seasons, and 2 vitamin D FFQs were conducted approximately 9-11 months apart (FFQ1 and FFQ2). Reproducibility (FFQ1 vs. FFQ2) and validity (FFQ2 vs. 12-day DR) were verified using Spearman's rank correlation, weighted kappa coefficient, intraclass correlation, and Bland-Altman plots.
Results: The vitamin D intake of Korean women using the newly developed vitamin D FFQ was higher at FFQ1 (4.90 µg/day) and FFQ2 (4.58 µg/day) compared with the 12-day DR (4.07 µg/day). Additionally, the results for reproducibility and validity were demonstrated through the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (reproducibility, 0.592; validity, 0.460), weighted kappa coefficient (reproducibility, 0.379; validity, 0.284), intraclass correlation coefficient (reproducibility, 0.599; validity, 0.543), and Bland-Altman plots (reproducibility index, 3.95%; validity index, 3.95%).
Conclusion: This study confirmed the newly developed vitamin D FFQ is reliable and valid for assessing vitamin D intake among Korean women. These results suggest the FFQ is an effective tool for dietary assessment, particularly in large-scale studies where year-round monitoring may not be feasible. Further validation in Korean men is crucial to enhance its applicability, enabling significant contributions to assessing vitamin D intake among Korean adults.
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