China's law and policy initiatives for integrating nuclear energy in maritime applications: A critical review

The maritime industry's critical role in global greenhouse gas emissions necessitates innovative solutions for decarbonization. The adoption of nuclear energy in maritime and offshore applications holds the potential to align it with low-carbon emission objectives. China has recognized the urgency of emissions reduction and harnessed its nuclear expertise to lead the way in applying nuclear technology for maritime decarbonization. This research conducts an in-depth examination of China's law and policy initiatives aimed at promoting nuclear energy adoption in maritime and offshore contexts, employing a policy analysis approach to assess their effectiveness while unveiling inherent challenges and problems. This study also delves into the extensive international implications of China's foray into nuclear marine propulsion programs and highlights the imperative for collaborative efforts, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and adaptive international governance structures to ensure the responsible development and operation of nuclear marine propulsion equipment while minimizing risks and conflicts on the global stage.