Cadmium toxicity in blueberry cultivation and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that interferes with essential metabolic pathways crucial for plant growth, often resulting in toxicity and plant death. Blueberry plants exhibit metabolic adaptations to mitigate the stress caused by elevated Cd levels. In this review, we highlighted the effects of Cd-induced stress on blueberry plants and explored the potential alleviating effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Cd uptake disrupts plant metabolism and impacts primary and secondary metabolites, including anthocyanins, which play a role in defense mechanisms against pathogens. Hence, Cd-induced stress alters anthocyanin levels in blueberry leaves, negatively affecting antioxidant defense mechanisms and hindering growth. Conversely, AMF establishes a symbiotic relationship with blueberry plants, promoting nutrient absorption and enhancing stress tolerance. Understanding the association between Cd stress, anthocyanin responses in blueberries, and AMF-mediated mitigation is crucial for developing integrated strategies to enhance blueberry plant health and improve quality. Employing AMF to remediate metal-related stress represents a significant breakthrough for sustainable crop production in a Cd-contaminated environment.