Use of Digital Tools in Arbovirus Surveillance: Scoping Review.

Background: The development of technology and information systems has led to important changes in public health surveillance.

Objective: This scoping review aimed to assess the available evidence and gather information about the use of digital tools for arbovirus (dengue virus [DENV], zika virus [ZIKV], and chikungunya virus [CHIKV]) surveillance.

Methods: The databases used were MEDLINE, SCIELO, LILACS, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EMBASE. The inclusion criterion was defined as studies that described the use of digital tools in arbovirus surveillance. The exclusion criteria were defined as follows: letters, editorials, reviews, case reports, series of cases, descriptive epidemiological studies, laboratory and vaccine studies, economic evaluation studies, and studies that did not clearly describe the use of digital tools in surveillance. Results were evaluated in the following steps: monitoring of outbreaks or epidemics, tracking of cases, identification of rumors, decision-making by health agencies, communication (cases and bulletins), and dissemination of information to society).

Results: Of the 2227 studies retrieved based on screening by title, abstract, and full-text reading, 68 (3%) studies were included. The most frequent digital tools used in arbovirus surveillance were apps (n=24, 35%) and Twitter, currently called X (n=22, 32%). These were mostly used to support the traditional surveillance system, strengthening aspects such as information timeliness, acceptability, flexibility, monitoring of outbreaks or epidemics, detection and tracking of cases, and simplicity. The use of apps to disseminate information to society (P=.02), communicate (cases and bulletins; P=.01), and simplicity (P=.03) and the use of Twitter to identify rumors (P=.008) were statistically relevant in evaluating scores. This scoping review had some limitations related to the choice of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV as arboviruses, due to their clinical and epidemiological importance.

Conclusions: In the contemporary scenario, it is no longer possible to ignore the use of web data or social media as a complementary strategy to health surveillance. However, it is important that efforts be combined to develop new methods that can ensure the quality of information and the adoption of systematic measures to maintain the integrity and reliability of digital tools' data, considering ethical aspects.