Advancements and challenges in battery thermal management for electric vehicles

Battery thermal management (BTM) is pivotal for enhancing the performance, efficiency, and safety of electric vehicles (EVs). This study explores various cooling techniques and their impacts on EV battery optimization. Improved materials aid in heat dissipation enhancement. Computational models and simulation tools are utilized for BTM in EVs. Results reveal diverse temperature regulation outcomes, emphasizing the significance of cycle rate optimization for sustained battery performance and longevity. Active cooling maintains temperatures between 24.72 °C and 39.84 °C, showcasing effective control within a moderate range. Passive cooling exhibits a slightly broader range (25.83 °C to 41.91 °C), while phase change material (PCM) cooling displays versatility but challenges in precise temperature control (21.55 °C to 49.56 °C). Thermoelectric cooling mirrors active cooling's effectiveness within a moderate span (24.09 °C to 41.81 °C). Hybrid cooling achieves regulation comparable to active and thermoelectric methods (24.36 °C to 42.09 °C), indicating its efficacy in maintaining optimal battery temperatures. These findings underscore the importance of BTM advancement in facilitating EV adoption and success. This study supports the UN SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and is also aligned with the targets of Paris Agreement emissions i.e. net zero by 2050.