A spontaneous rupture of a simple renal cyst complicated by hemorrhagic shock: a case report.

Introduction and importance: The spontaneous and non-traumatic rupture of renal cysts is a rare clinical condition, which can lead to hemorrhagic shock. In this paper, the authors report a case of spontaneous rupture of a renal cyst and discuss the main features of this condition.

Case report: A 21-year-old patient presented urgently with hemorrhagic shock with no history or evidence of trauma. Physical examination revealed a swollen left lumbar fossa on palpation. Abdominal CT revealed an abundant retroperitoneal hematoma. Resuscitation measures were urgently initiated to ensure hemodynamic stabilization, followed by a hemostasis nephrectomy. The patient was stabilized, and subsequent postoperative recovery proceeded without complications. He was sent home on the seventh day following his admission.

Discussion: Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhages may stem from various pathologies, including simple renal cysts, and frequently manifest with Lenk's triad. Wunderlich syndrome, an infrequent manifestation of such hemorrhages, necessitates prompt recognition and hemodynamic stabilization, with potential treatment including embolization or surgical intervention.

Conclusion: Although simple renal cysts are generally asymptomatic, they can lead to serious complications such as hemorrhage that could be life-threatening without appropriate medical intervention. The treatment involves performing an emergency nephrectomy for hemostasis, along with implementing resuscitation measures.