Bridging the gap: Exploring the microbial influence on forensic ABO typing discrepancies for enhanced investigative accuracy

Forensic serology has long been a cornerstone in forensic investigations, utilizing multidisciplinary approaches to identify and individualize biological evidence at crime scenes. However, the field faces challenges such as the potential for blood group changes in individuals affected by diseases or medical treatments, leading to false outcomes in prolonged legal cases. Additionally, the passive adsorption of bacterial products by red blood cells can result in blood group switching, emphasizing the need for careful analysis, especially in cases of concurrent infections. Furthermore, post-mortem samples may exhibit blood group variations, necessitating meticulous examination and interpretation of forensic serology results. Despite the advent of DNA typing techniques, traditional forensic serology methods remain relevant, with skills in recognizing stain patterns and selecting informative specimens indispensable. The present review highlights the increasing recognition of bacterial contaminations and their implications for forensic serology, underscoring the need for ongoing research, innovation, and collaboration within the field. This understanding revitalizes forensic science by emphasizing the critical role of maintaining the integrity of serological analyses and enhancing overall reliability.