Nucleation delay controlling the formation of mafic enclaves and banded pumice

The presence of mafic enclaves and banded pumice reveals key physical processes associated with volcanic eruptions. Here, through the textural and geochemical analyses of the 3550 B.P. Waimihia deposits in Taupō, New Zealand, we demonstrate how disequilibrium crystallization controls the way magmas mix. Andesitic enclaves in pyroclastic deposits from this predominantly rhyolitic eruption consist of microlites that crystallized rapidly during mafic injection into rhyolitic host magma. The variation of microlite textures depends on enclave size, implying that mafic enclaves crystallized as discrete blobs within a host rhyolitic magma. However, gray pumice and dark bands in banded pumice are characterized by a lack of or less plagioclase microlites that should be present if equilibrium crystallization occurred. Our textural and chemical data suggest that the lack of plagioclase in gray pumice and dark bands resulted from the nucleation delay arising from the mixing with rhyolitic magma. After mafic magma broke up in a magma chamber as discrete mafic blobs, the plagioclase-free rim of the blobs was disaggregated by shear flow. The eroded mafic blobs form a hybrid magma by mixing with rhyolitic magma, which further delays the plagioclase nucleation. This hybrid magma eventually erupted as gray pumice or banded pumice, depending on the intensity of magma mingling in the conduit. We use a plagioclase nucleation delay model to calculate residence times of hours to tens of hours prior to eruption. Our mixing model with nucleation delay enables small volumes of mafic magma to mix with large amounts of silicic magma.