Enhanced Spatiotemporal Heatwave Analysis in Urban and Nonurban Thai Environments Through Integration of In-Situ and Remote Sensing Data

Facing the escalating global challenge of frequent and severe heatwaves, this study meticulously assesses heatwave dynamics across urban and nonurban areas in central Thailand. It introduces a novel workflow integrating ground-based observations with satellite-derived land surface temperature data over 39 years (1981–2019). Our findings reveal a significant increase in daytime heatwaves in urban and peri-urban areas, with notable rises in the number, frequency, duration, and amplitude of heatwaves. Conversely, nighttime heatwaves intensify mainly in rural areas. Land surface temperature data show distinct patterns: peri-urban regions experience significant daytime increases in heatwave magnitude, amplitude, and frequency, contrasting with varied trends in urban and rural settings. The annual pattern of heatwave characteristics across specific regions reveals that daytime occurrences are more frequent and intense in peri-urban zones such as Pathum Thani and eastern Bangkok, with annual episodes ranging from 2 to 9 and durations of 10 to 39 days. In contrast, urban areas such as downtown Bangkok are more prone to nighttime heatwaves, with a wider occurrence range of 3 to 12 events and longer durations, lasting from 13 to 62 days annually. Overall, this research advances traditional methods by offering a nuanced view of heatwave dynamics and highlighting the potential of remote sensing to identify risk areas. The study demonstrates how this precise technique can identify extreme weather events and support sustainable climate practices, government policy, and decision-making, all of which are crucial for enhancing resilience and addressing the growing threat of heat-related health risks.