Living with giant ferns: An ethnobotanical investigation of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) in a global context

Scaly tree ferns stand out among other pteridophytes not only due to their ancient lineage, which retains specific primitive characteristics in their appearance and growth habits, but also because of their remarkable diversity, local endemism, and distinctive ethnobotanical uses. Pteridophytes generally have received less attention than seed plants due to their limited economic potential and utility. Our experiences and knowledge show that scaly tree ferns possess substantial economic potential and offer higher utility than other fern groups. Analyzing ethnobotanical knowledge is a well-established technique and tool to understand any plant group's significance and economic potential. Therefore, we aimed to compile ethnobotanical knowledge related to scaly tree ferns from various ethnic groups worldwide, utilizing published information and consulting with key informants. In the present survey, 61 species of scaly tree ferns were identified that belong to four genera (Alsophila, Cyathea, Gymnosphaera, and Sphaeropteris), which are utilized across 41 countries worldwide. The ethnobotanical uses of these 61 tree fern species are classified into four user categories: medicinal, food and animal feed, ornamental, and other uses. This study underscores the potential for integrating traditional ethnobotanical knowledge about scaly tree ferns with modern scientific understanding. It also emphasizes the critical importance of preserving and compiling this knowledge that has been passed down through generations within traditional communities. This preservation ensures that such valuable knowledge is not lost to future generations.