Emerging technologies for efficient water use in agriculture: A review of current trends and future directions

Water sets our planet apart from all others we know of. Although the global supply of fresh water is sufficient to meet current and future water demands, its distribution in terms of location and timing is uneven. Many regions face shortages of freshwater resources and cannot fulfill domestic, economic, and environmental needs. In these areas, the scarcity of clean water for drinking and sanitation hampers human health and productivity, thereby limiting economic growth and the preservation of a clean environment and healthy ecosystems. Currently, 7 % of the global population resides in water-scarce regions, and this situation is expected to worsen as the world's population reaches 9 billion by 2050, with 67 % living in urban areas. Efficient water use in agriculture is vital for food security, environmental protection, and economic viability. Conventional water management methods are inadequate for addressing emerging challenges, necessitating advanced technologies such as sensors, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, nanotechnology, and desalination. Innovative technologies offer real-time monitoring and precise resource distribution to improve water management, enhancing efficiency and sustainability. However, widespread adoption faces challenges such as cost, regulatory issues, technological complexity, and infrastructure limitations. Addressing data privacy, cybersecurity, and equitable access to technology is also crucial. This article provides comprehensive coverage of these innovative technologies and tools, considering the operational characteristics of emerging technologies and the existing technology gap. Overall, this study examines innovations in water management technology, highlights ongoing research, identifies gaps, and offers recommendations for policymakers, water utilities, and researchers.