Seismic Evidence for Velocity Heterogeneity Along ∼40 Ma Old Oceanic Crustal Segment Formed at the Slow-Spreading Equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge From Full Waveform Inversion of Ocean Bottom Seismometer Data

In slow spreading environments, oceanic crust is formed by a combination of magmatic and tectonic processes. Using full waveform inversion applied to active-source ocean bottom seismometer data, we reveal the presence of a strong lateral variability in the 40–48 Ma old oceanic crust formed at the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Over a 120 km-long section between the St Paul fracture zone (FZ) and the Romanche transform fault (TF), we observe four distinct 20–30 km long crustal segments. The segment affected by the St Paul FZ consists of three layers, an ∼2 km thick layer with a P-wave velocity <6 km/s, a 1.5 km thick middle crust with a velocity of 6–6.5 km/s, and an underlying layer where velocity is ∼7 km/s, representing the lower crust. The segment associated with an abyssal hill morphology contains a high velocity of ∼7 km/s at 2–2.5 km below the basement, indicating the presence of primitive gabbro or serpenized peridotite. The segment associated with a low basement morphology seems to have 5.5–6.5 km/s velocity starting near the basement extending down to ∼4 km depth, indicating chemically distinct crust. The segment close to the Romanche TF, a velocity 4.5–5 km/s near the seafloor increasing to 7 km/s at 4 km depth indicates a magmatic origin. The four distinct crustal segments have a good correlation with the overlying seafloor morphology. These observed strong crustal heterogeneities could result from alternate tectonic and magmatic processes along the ridge axis, possibly modulated by thermal and/or chemical variations in the mantle during their formation along the ridge segment.