Role of interferon dependent and independent signaling pathways: Implications in cancer.

Interferons (IFNs) are a class of cytokines with potent antiviral and immunomodulatory properties that regulate the immune system through multiple signaling pathways. In cancer, IFNs are vital to both tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that affect the quality of antitumor immunity as well as response to cancer treatments, including immunotherapy. However, there is a need for a deeper and better understanding of the mechanisms by which IFNs elicit immune signalling in cancerous cells. In this review, we focus on the IFN- dependent and independent axes in cancer as targetable hubs for new immunotherapeutic approaches to boost the treatment efficacy and to circumvent cancer resistance leading to improved clinical outcomes.