Reducing automobile commuting in inner-city and suburban: Integrating land-use and management intervention

Few studies have examined how demand-side management measures, alone or in conjunction with built environment interventions, affect car owners’ automobile commuting choices in developing cities. Additionally, most studies overlook the difference between inner-cities and suburbs. Applying extreme gradient boosting decision trees and shapley method to the 2020 Wuhan travel survey data, this study addresses these gaps. Transportation management measures and the built environment individually exert a significant impact on car commuting, while jointly exhibiting synergistic effects on car commuting. Meanwhile, most of these effects are nonlinear and exhibit different properties in the inner-city and suburbs. In the inner-city, proximity to central development and population densification can reduce automobile commuting. Parking fees and transit allowances enhance these benefits. For suburbs, job densification and mixed development are more effective, but have limited impact on the inner city. This study demonstrated that integrating built environment interventions with management measures enhances policy effectiveness.