Comprehensive Study of Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (LSTIDs) Observed Over Iran

A dense network of GNSS receivers is employed to study temporal and spatial characteristics of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) in Iran. Three geomagnetic storms in 2021 are selected. To determine LSTID propagation, an eighth-order Butterworth bandpass filter was applied to the data to remove the diurnal variability of the total electron content (TEC). Moreover, two-dimensional TEC perturbation maps are provided to explore the meridional and zonal structures of the LSTIDs. Analysis of a major storm on November 4 (Kp = 7, Dst = −99 nT) revealed two single LSTIDs and three groups of multiple LSTIDs. The phase velocity and wavelength of LSTIDs in this event varied between 190 and 930 m/s and 1,030–5,022 km, respectively. Southward propagating LSTIDs appeared to be more frequent than northward. The complex propagation of two simultaneous LSTIDs is resolved. A large-amplitude mixed front showing broadening both latitudinally and meridionally is revealed. No nighttime propagating LSTID is reported. In addition, global differential TEC data are explored to examine the detection of LSTID propagation. The global data validates the timing, direction of propagation, and strength of LSTIDs detected over Iran. The auroral oval extension is consistent with generating and propagating reported LSTIDs. The second storm studied occurred on August 27 (Kp = 4, Dst = −82 nT). This storm exhibited weaker LSTIDs in terms of both observed numbers and amplitude. Finally, the storm case of May 12 (Kp = 7, Dst = −61 nT) was examined. The results underscores the vital role of the Dst index in studying LSTIDs.