Management of Insect Pests on Tea Plantations: Safety, Sustainability, and Efficiency.

Tea is the second most consumed beverage after water; thus, tea plants are economically important crops in many countries. The frequent application of chemical pesticides over large plantations of tea monoculture has led to pest outbreaks. In recent years, high amounts of highly water-soluble pesticides have been applied because of the proliferation of piercing-sucking insects; however, this method poses health hazards for humans and has negative environmental effects. This review outlines the effects of pesticide applications on the succession of tea pest populations, the risks posed by the use of highly water-soluble pesticides, and the principles of tea pest management. Various pest control techniques, including physical, biological, chemical-ecological, chemical pesticide, and cultural control methods, have been used in the last few decades. We discuss future prospects and challenges for the integrated pest management of tea plantations.