Seasonal variation and origins of C1–C5 alkyl nitrates: A year-long study at a Hong Kong coastal site

Alkyl nitrates (RONO₂) are key reactive nitrogen compounds with significant impacts on local and regional air quality. The concentrations of alkyl nitrates can vary significantly across different regions, especially in areas with varying levels of human activity. Long-term observation of alkyl nitrates is necessary to assess the intensity of photochemical reactions and the contributions from different sources. In this study, we present the first continuous year-long monitoring results of eight alkyl nitrates via whole air sample collection and GC-MSD/ECD analysis at a coastal site in Hong Kong. Source apportionment analysis via positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed distinctive seasonal variations in the source contributions for the eight alkyl nitrate species. Furthermore, increased contributions from biomass combustion were found in autumn and winter, while marine emissions primarily influenced methyl nitrate levels during summer. Our study highlights the significant impact of biomass burning from inland areas on photochemical pollutants in Hong Kong. Cross-regional cooperation in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) is necessary for more comprehensive management of secondary photochemical pollution.