Justin Yeager, Abigail Robison, Cordon D. Wade, James B. Barnett
{"title":"透明度和模仿能力的缺陷不会增加有教养的捕食者捕食清翅蝶的风险","authors":"Justin Yeager, Abigail Robison, Cordon D. Wade, James B. Barnett","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70307","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transparency is an intuitive form of concealment and, in certain butterflies, transparent patches on the wings can contribute to several distinct forms of camouflage. However, perhaps paradoxically, the largely transparent wings of many clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini, Nymphalidae) also feature opaque, and often colorful, elements which may reduce crypsis. In many instances, these elements may facilitate aposematic signaling, but little is known of how transparency and aposematism may interact. Here, we used field predation trials to ask two main questions regarding camouflage and signaling in Ithomiini clearwings. In Experiment 1, we focused on camouflage to ask where being transparent may have an advantage over being opaque. We predicted that, as a single opaque pattern can only match a limited range of backgrounds, transparent wings would offer more effective concealment, and experience lower predation risk, over a wider range of backgrounds colors (i.e., green vs. brown substrates) and behaviors (i.e., perched vs. flying) than opaque wings. In Experiment 2, we focused on the effect conspicuous opaque colors may have on clearwing survival. We predicted that although salient signals may increase detectability, those commonly associated with toxic Ithomiini clearwings would not increase predation risk. Both experiments were conducted among educated predators within the natural range of Ithomiini clearwings and we found predation rates to be very low. In Experiment 1, we found some marginal evidence to suggest that opaque, but not transparent, butterflies may suffer increased predation during flight, whereas in Experiment 2, we found equal survival across all model prey types regardless of coloration. Taken together we suggest that any loss of camouflage due to conspicuous coloration may be compensated by aversive signaling, and that educated predators may broadly generalize across a wide range of known and novel clearwing phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70307","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Imperfections in transparency and mimicry do not increase predation risk for clearwing butterflies with educated predators\",\"authors\":\"Justin Yeager, Abigail Robison, Cordon D. Wade, James B. Barnett\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ece3.70307\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Transparency is an intuitive form of concealment and, in certain butterflies, transparent patches on the wings can contribute to several distinct forms of camouflage. However, perhaps paradoxically, the largely transparent wings of many clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini, Nymphalidae) also feature opaque, and often colorful, elements which may reduce crypsis. In many instances, these elements may facilitate aposematic signaling, but little is known of how transparency and aposematism may interact. Here, we used field predation trials to ask two main questions regarding camouflage and signaling in Ithomiini clearwings. In Experiment 1, we focused on camouflage to ask where being transparent may have an advantage over being opaque. We predicted that, as a single opaque pattern can only match a limited range of backgrounds, transparent wings would offer more effective concealment, and experience lower predation risk, over a wider range of backgrounds colors (i.e., green vs. brown substrates) and behaviors (i.e., perched vs. flying) than opaque wings. In Experiment 2, we focused on the effect conspicuous opaque colors may have on clearwing survival. We predicted that although salient signals may increase detectability, those commonly associated with toxic Ithomiini clearwings would not increase predation risk. Both experiments were conducted among educated predators within the natural range of Ithomiini clearwings and we found predation rates to be very low. In Experiment 1, we found some marginal evidence to suggest that opaque, but not transparent, butterflies may suffer increased predation during flight, whereas in Experiment 2, we found equal survival across all model prey types regardless of coloration. Taken together we suggest that any loss of camouflage due to conspicuous coloration may be compensated by aversive signaling, and that educated predators may broadly generalize across a wide range of known and novel clearwing phenotypes.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":11467,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Ecology and Evolution\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-20\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70307\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Ecology and Evolution\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.70307\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ECOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ecology and Evolution","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.70307","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ECOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperfections in transparency and mimicry do not increase predation risk for clearwing butterflies with educated predators
Transparency is an intuitive form of concealment and, in certain butterflies, transparent patches on the wings can contribute to several distinct forms of camouflage. However, perhaps paradoxically, the largely transparent wings of many clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini, Nymphalidae) also feature opaque, and often colorful, elements which may reduce crypsis. In many instances, these elements may facilitate aposematic signaling, but little is known of how transparency and aposematism may interact. Here, we used field predation trials to ask two main questions regarding camouflage and signaling in Ithomiini clearwings. In Experiment 1, we focused on camouflage to ask where being transparent may have an advantage over being opaque. We predicted that, as a single opaque pattern can only match a limited range of backgrounds, transparent wings would offer more effective concealment, and experience lower predation risk, over a wider range of backgrounds colors (i.e., green vs. brown substrates) and behaviors (i.e., perched vs. flying) than opaque wings. In Experiment 2, we focused on the effect conspicuous opaque colors may have on clearwing survival. We predicted that although salient signals may increase detectability, those commonly associated with toxic Ithomiini clearwings would not increase predation risk. Both experiments were conducted among educated predators within the natural range of Ithomiini clearwings and we found predation rates to be very low. In Experiment 1, we found some marginal evidence to suggest that opaque, but not transparent, butterflies may suffer increased predation during flight, whereas in Experiment 2, we found equal survival across all model prey types regardless of coloration. Taken together we suggest that any loss of camouflage due to conspicuous coloration may be compensated by aversive signaling, and that educated predators may broadly generalize across a wide range of known and novel clearwing phenotypes.
期刊介绍:
Ecology and Evolution is the peer reviewed journal for rapid dissemination of research in all areas of ecology, evolution and conservation science. The journal gives priority to quality research reports, theoretical or empirical, that develop our understanding of organisms and their diversity, interactions between them, and the natural environment.
Ecology and Evolution gives prompt and equal consideration to papers reporting theoretical, experimental, applied and descriptive work in terrestrial and aquatic environments. The journal will consider submissions across taxa in areas including but not limited to micro and macro ecological and evolutionary processes, characteristics of and interactions between individuals, populations, communities and the environment, physiological responses to environmental change, population genetics and phylogenetics, relatedness and kin selection, life histories, systematics and taxonomy, conservation genetics, extinction, speciation, adaption, behaviour, biodiversity, species abundance, macroecology, population and ecosystem dynamics, and conservation policy.