Vincenzo NugaraDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Vincenzo GrecoDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Salvatore PlumariDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
{"title":"3+1 D 中采用全相对论玻尔兹曼方法的远离平衡吸引子:分布函数矩和各向异性流 $v_n$","authors":"Vincenzo NugaraDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Vincenzo GrecoDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Salvatore PlumariDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy","doi":"arxiv-2409.12123","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We employ the Full Relativistic Boltzmann Transport approach for a conformal\nsystem in 3+1D to study the universal behaviour in moments of the distribution\nfunction and anisotropic flows. We investigate different transverse system\nsizes $R$ and interaction strength $\\eta/s$ and identify universality classes\nbased upon the interplay between $R$ and the mean free path; we show that each\nof this classes can be identified by a particular value of the opacity $\\hat\n\\gamma$, which has been previously introduced in literature. Our results\nhighlight that, at early times, the inverse Reynolds number and momentum\nmoments of the distribution function display universal behaviour, converging to\na 1D attractor driven by longitudinal expansion. This indicates that systems of\ndifferent sizes and interaction strengths tend to approach equilibrium in a\nsimilar manner. We provide a detailed analysis of how the onset of transverse\nflow affects these moments at later times. Moreover, we investigate the system\nsize and $\\eta/s$ dependence for the harmonic flows $v_2$, $v_3$, $v_4$ and\ntheir response functions, along with the impact of the $\\eta/s$ and the system\ntransverse size on the dissipation of initial azimuthal correlations in\nmomentum space. Finally, we introduce the normalised elliptic flow\n$v_2/v_{2,eq}$, showing the emergence of attractor behaviour in the regime of\nlarge opacity. These results offer new insights into how different systems\nevolve towards equilibrium and the role that system size and interaction play\nin this process.","PeriodicalId":501573,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Nuclear Theory","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Far-from-equilibrium attractors with Full Relativistic Boltzmann approach in 3+1 D: moments of distribution function and anisotropic flows $v_n$\",\"authors\":\"Vincenzo NugaraDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Vincenzo GrecoDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Salvatore PlumariDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy\",\"doi\":\"arxiv-2409.12123\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"We employ the Full Relativistic Boltzmann Transport approach for a conformal\\nsystem in 3+1D to study the universal behaviour in moments of the distribution\\nfunction and anisotropic flows. We investigate different transverse system\\nsizes $R$ and interaction strength $\\\\eta/s$ and identify universality classes\\nbased upon the interplay between $R$ and the mean free path; we show that each\\nof this classes can be identified by a particular value of the opacity $\\\\hat\\n\\\\gamma$, which has been previously introduced in literature. Our results\\nhighlight that, at early times, the inverse Reynolds number and momentum\\nmoments of the distribution function display universal behaviour, converging to\\na 1D attractor driven by longitudinal expansion. This indicates that systems of\\ndifferent sizes and interaction strengths tend to approach equilibrium in a\\nsimilar manner. We provide a detailed analysis of how the onset of transverse\\nflow affects these moments at later times. Moreover, we investigate the system\\nsize and $\\\\eta/s$ dependence for the harmonic flows $v_2$, $v_3$, $v_4$ and\\ntheir response functions, along with the impact of the $\\\\eta/s$ and the system\\ntransverse size on the dissipation of initial azimuthal correlations in\\nmomentum space. Finally, we introduce the normalised elliptic flow\\n$v_2/v_{2,eq}$, showing the emergence of attractor behaviour in the regime of\\nlarge opacity. These results offer new insights into how different systems\\nevolve towards equilibrium and the role that system size and interaction play\\nin this process.\",\"PeriodicalId\":501573,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"arXiv - PHYS - Nuclear Theory\",\"volume\":\"30 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-18\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"arXiv - PHYS - Nuclear Theory\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.12123\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"arXiv - PHYS - Nuclear Theory","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.12123","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Far-from-equilibrium attractors with Full Relativistic Boltzmann approach in 3+1 D: moments of distribution function and anisotropic flows $v_n$
We employ the Full Relativistic Boltzmann Transport approach for a conformal
system in 3+1D to study the universal behaviour in moments of the distribution
function and anisotropic flows. We investigate different transverse system
sizes $R$ and interaction strength $\eta/s$ and identify universality classes
based upon the interplay between $R$ and the mean free path; we show that each
of this classes can be identified by a particular value of the opacity $\hat
\gamma$, which has been previously introduced in literature. Our results
highlight that, at early times, the inverse Reynolds number and momentum
moments of the distribution function display universal behaviour, converging to
a 1D attractor driven by longitudinal expansion. This indicates that systems of
different sizes and interaction strengths tend to approach equilibrium in a
similar manner. We provide a detailed analysis of how the onset of transverse
flow affects these moments at later times. Moreover, we investigate the system
size and $\eta/s$ dependence for the harmonic flows $v_2$, $v_3$, $v_4$ and
their response functions, along with the impact of the $\eta/s$ and the system
transverse size on the dissipation of initial azimuthal correlations in
momentum space. Finally, we introduce the normalised elliptic flow
$v_2/v_{2,eq}$, showing the emergence of attractor behaviour in the regime of
large opacity. These results offer new insights into how different systems
evolve towards equilibrium and the role that system size and interaction play
in this process.