An Effect of Mass Transpiration and Darcy–Brinkman Model on Ostwald–de Waele Ternary Nanofluid

This article studies the flow of Ostwald–de Waele ternary nanofluid over a permeable shrinking sheet. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables and solved analytically. The article includes closed-form algebraic solutions and graphical flow dynamics analysis, dependent on Darcy number, volume fraction, and mass transpiration. The study shows that the presence of porous media significantly upsurges the mass transpiration and magnitude of skin friction. The calculation uses a combination of Titanium dioxide (TiO₂), Cobalt ferrite (CoFe\(_{2}O_{4}\)), and Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles in pure water, and the ternary nanofluid performs better than the conventional fluid in terms of thermal conductivity. This is important in the fields of manufacturing, machine operations, and engineering, where improving heat transfer is crucial.