Off-design performance optimization for steam-water dual heat source ORC systems

High-pressure steam and hot water often coexist as industrial waste heat. In this study, dual loop and single loop ORC systems are designed for 700 kPa, 4.1 kg/s steam, and 90 ℃, 122.36 kg/s hot water conditions to study the off-design performance when steam or hot water conditions change. To maximize net output power, we employ a particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the evaporation and condensation temperatures. The results show that within the specified hot water conditions, the evaporation and condensation temperatures of D-ORC's low-pressure loop and S-ORC increase with rising hot water inlet temperature and flow rate. The S-ORC demonstrates a higher net output power growth rate as hot water flow rate and temperature rise. Under specific steam conditions, when the steam outlet is in a gas-liquid two-phase state, D-ORC's maximum net output power is 1.7 % higher than that of the S-ORC, with little variation in optimal evaporation and condensation temperatures with respect to steam inlet pressure. At a 3.5 kg/s steam flow rate, the D-ORC's high-pressure loop becomes ineffective, whereas S-ORC efficiently adjusts heat exchange capacity under diverse steam-water conditions, Consequently, the D-ORC's average net output power is 34.2 % lower than that of the S-ORC.