Transcriptome profiles of the skin associated with the color of the black and white coat of Angora goats

The coat color of mammals, determined by the distribution of melanin, particularly eumelanin and pheomelanin, reflects intricate genetic and molecular processes. However, our understanding of the relationship between coat color, gene expression, and polymorphisms in goats remains nascent. This study investigates transcriptomic differences between black and white Angora goats across three distinct hair growth phases. Skin tissue samples from both colored and white Angora goats were analyzed using mRNA expression profiling. Three skin samples were taken from each goat as biological duplicates at every stage of hair follicle growth (September, January, and March). In total, 36 samples were analyzed in this study, including samples from two Angora goat varieties, three developmental stages (three biological replicates), and two technical replicates for RNA sequencing. Significant differences in gene expression were observed between black and white goats at each growth phase, particularly in genes associated with the melanogenesis pathway. Specifically, several pigmentation genes were identified solely in black goats, indicating phase-specific and breed-specific regulation. Noteworthy genes, such as SLC2A1, STAR, and SLC7A5, exhibited differential expression patterns across growth phases in black goats, further highlighting the complexity of melanogenesis regulation. This is the first study to use mRNA expression profiling of skin tissues to analyze coat color differences between black and white coated Angora goats at the anagen, catagen, and telogen stages. The identification of phase-specific and black goat-specific pigmentation genes provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms governing coat color formation.