Electrochemical detection of the cardiac biomarker cardiac troponin I

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cause of cardiovascular disease-related death. It is essential for patients with cardiovascular disease to receive an early diagnosis of AMI. The most popular technique for the early detection of AMI is the use of biosensors to monitor the concentration of pertinent biomarkers, such as cardiac troponin I (cTnI), in the blood. The electrochemical detection methods hold great promise because of their simplicity, miniaturization, ease of integration, high sensitivity, and rapid response. The prime motive of this review is to present a comprehensive understanding of the pros and cons of methodologies employed for the electrochemical approaches toward the detection of cTnI. A detailed summary is provided for the immunosensors, aptamer sensors, molecular imprinting sensors, and peptide sensors based on various affinity elements. We enumerate the modified electrode materials for electrochemical sensors as well as popular detection techniques. Furthermore, this paper reviews some recent significant advances in point-of-care assays for rapid, accurate detection of cTnI as a smart integrated device for home monitoring. The accumulation of knowledge about these functions will lead to new insights into and concepts for the design of portable miniature sensors for cardiovascular patients at risk of AMI. It is anticipated that the interdisciplinary collaboration can bring more enlightenment to the progress of cardiac biomarkers sensor in the future.