Advanced strategies for 3D-printed neural scaffolds: materials, structure, and nerve remodeling

Nerve regeneration holds significant potential in the treatment of various skeletal and neurological disorders to restore lost sensory and motor functions. The potential of nerve regeneration in ameliorating neurological diseases and injuries is critical to human health. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers versatility and precision in the fabrication of neural scaffolds. Complex neural structures such as neural tubes and scaffolds can be fabricated via 3D printing. This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of 3D-printed neural scaffolds and explores strategies to enhance their design. It highlights therapeutic strategies and structural design involving neural materials and stem cells. First, nerve regeneration materials and their fabrication techniques are outlined. The applications of conductive materials in neural scaffolds are reviewed, and their potential to facilitate neural signal transmission and regeneration is highlighted. Second, the progress in 3D-printed neural scaffolds applied to the peripheral and central nerves is comprehensively evaluated, and their potential to restore neural function and promote the recovery of different nervous systems is emphasized. In addition, various applications of 3D-printed neural scaffolds in peripheral and neurological diseases, as well as the design strategies of multifunctional biomimetic scaffolds, are discussed.

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