X‐ray microanalysis and mapping for white ceramics unearthed from Gangguantun Kiln of Liaoyang, Liaoning province, China

In this case, electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and micro x‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) techniques were employed to the analysis of white porcelain species artifacts unearthed from the Gangguantun Kiln (10–13th century) and investigate for its production processes' details by microanalysis. Microscopic observation reveals the presence of inclusions in the ceramic bodies across different historical periods, with notable disparities in the form and quantity of these inclusions between samples from distinct periods. By employing EPMA mapping and particle analysis, it was discerned that the inclusions in the late‐period white porcelain are primarily composed of calcium‐rich materials, exhibiting a uniform composition and structure. The uniformity in particle size distribution strongly suggests that these inclusions are temper with certain purpose, deliberately and intentionally introduced by skilled artisans following a controlled processing method. This discovery rectifies the previously held notion that the white porcelain products from the Gangguantun Kiln were rustic and coarse, with the “black iron spots” or other inclusion being viewed as impurities. Furthermore, these temper materials, likely treated before incorporation, may have played a role in enhancing the firing process of ceramics. This revelation sheds light on the distinctive technological aspects of ceramic craftsmanship during the Liao and Jin dynasty periods. It serves as a crucial reference for delving into the technical choices and integration within the handicraft industry of northern China during the Liao‐Jin era, as well as the unique regional characteristics and stylistic features of the period. This significantly enriches our comprehension of this historical era.