Childhood maltreatment as predictor and moderator for treatment outcome in patients with major depressive disorders treated with metacognitive therapy or behavioral activation

Background

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a risk factor for developing and maintaining depression. It is unclear whether CM influences the effect of treatments for depression. This study examined CM's predictor and moderator effect in Behavioral Activation (BA) and Metacognitive Therapy (MCT).

Method

CM was analyzed in a trial comparing a six months treatment program of either BA or MCT for 122 outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Depression was assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-24). CM was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).

Results

Linear mixed models showed no predictor or moderator effects for the CTQ total score (all p > .58) but revealed a moderator effect for ‘sexual abuse’ on the reduction of depressive symptoms (β = 10.98, SE = 4.48, p = .015) indicating that patients with experiences of childhood sexual abuse benefited more from BA. There also was a predictor effect for ‘physical neglect’ (β = −3.35, SE = 1.70, p = .049): patients without the experience of physical neglect benefited more from treatment regardless of condition. Exploratory analyses indicated no predictor or moderator effects for the onset or persistence of depression, comorbid anxiety disorders or Cluster-C PDs (all p > .28).

Limitations

Limitations include small sample sizes for some of the subsamples.

Conclusion

Childhood sexual abuse seems to moderate treatment effectiveness in a sample of severely affected outpatients with MDD treated with MCT or BA. If confirmed in further trials, a history of sexual abuse might guide the choice between MCT and BA.

Trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register DRKS-ID: DRKS00011536 (retrospectively registered on February 13, 2017, without changes to the study protocol).