Pediatric melanoma incidence and survival: a fifteen-year nationwide retrospective cohort study in Korea (2004-2019).

The aim of this study was to explore the epidemiology of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and the associated risk factors influencing its occurrence and survival among Koreans aged <20 years. In this retrospective cohort investigation, we identified cases of incident melanoma diagnosed in Korean patients aged 0-19 years between 2004 and 2019, utilizing the National Health Insurance database. We assessed annual fluctuations in age-adjusted incidence rates and examined 5-year survival rates based on various factors, including sex, age, income level, sun-exposed sites, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Of 1160 patients, 51.4% were male and 48.6% were female. The mean age of the patients was 11 years, mostly belonging to the top 25% high-income group. The head and neck regions were the most frequently affected sites. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate of melanoma was 0.22 per 100,000 persons. This rate witnessed a decline of 4.5% annually from 2004 to 2012, followed by a subsequent increase of 12.6% annually from 2012 to 2019. Notably, patients with CMM in low-sun-exposed sites exhibited poorer survival rates compared with those in high-sun-exposed areas (P < 0.05). The incidence of melanomas in children and adolescents in Korea has shown a rising trend since 2012. Further research is needed to investigate the etiology and risk factors in pediatric patients.