Spatiotemporal evolution pattern and heterogeneity of resource-based city resilience in China

Resource-based cities (RBCs) encompass the east, middle, and west of China, covering an important economic hinterland. The improvement of RBC resilience can significantly impact the overall resilience of cities in China. This study analyzes the spatial characteristics and overall evolution trend of four types of RBCs based on regional differences and convergence theory. The results vivid showed sustainable development positively influenced growing-type RBCs also showed that the overall RBC resilience coupling coordination degree improved throughout the study period (2009–2019), and that the evolution of RBC resilience demonstrated good convergence characteristics. Furthermore, a distinct gap is evident between high resilience-level growing RBCs and relatively low-level regenerative RBCs. All RBCs will eventually converge to the third level with a higher level of coupling coordination. However, compared with the traditional Markov chain, the transition probability of the spatial Markov chain is reduced due to the influence of surrounding cities. Thus, policies are given.