Vascular endothelium: The interface for multiplex signal transduction

As the innermost monolayer of the vasculature, endothelial cells (ECs) serve as the interface for multiplex signal transduction. Directly exposed to blood-borne factors, both endogenous and exogenous, ECs actively mediate vascular homeostasis and represent a therapeutic target against cardiometabolic diseases. ECs act as the first-line gateway between gut-derived substances and vasculature. Additionally, ECs convert blood flow-exerted hemodynamic forces into downstream biochemical signaling to modulate vascular pathophysiology. Besides, ECs can sense other forms of stimuli, like cell extrusion, thermal stimulation, photostimulation, radiation, magnetic field, noise, and gravity. Future efforts are still needed to deepen our understanding on endothelial biology.