Extension of HBIM to 3D city modeling: Application for the port city of Massawa, Eritrea

Despite the significance of 3D city models, the associated costs and reliance on modern data acquisition tools hindered progress. This research aims to bridge these gaps by devising a method to create 3D city models with limited resources, sidestepping the need for cutting-edge tools. The method proposed relies on available resources to generate building footprint data and primarily generates elevation data using images. Based on Historic Building information model principles, a 3D city model of the port city of Massawa, Eritrea, comprising four classes of models was developed. In its current state, the model can be used for several applications such as visualization, conservation, urban assessments, and as a spatial data source to develop a city digital twin. Despite limitations in acquiring appropriate resources and the need for significant user interaction, the approach holds promise for initiating urban heritage conservation, particularly in inaccessible and resource-deficient sites in developing countries.